- Want to be an Olympian?
- Mom & Dad have to give you the genes
- You must have opportunity
- Coaching must be present at a high leve
- Facilities must be adequate
- Limitations to performance
- Improved nutrition
- Improved training techniques
- Improved competition
- Improved social endogamy (gene pool and good athletics go together)
- Limitations to physiological systems
- "Genetic ceiling"
- Acute physiological responses (skills)
- Chronic physiological responses (training)
- Central changes (heart/lungs)
- Peripheral changes (musculature)
- Energy systems changes by TRAINING
- ATP=PC enzyme activity (substrate availability)
- Anaerobic Glycolysis (glycogen / PFK)
- Aerobic
- Cardiovascular changes by TRAINING
- Size of heart changes
- Decreased heart rate
- Increased stroke volume
- Increased blood volume and hemoglobin
- Changes in heart muscle itself
- Ficke Formula -- SV x HR x aVO2 diff = VO2
- Max VO2 = 95% genetic
- With greater stroke volume you can increase blood flow & oxygen extraction
- Stroke Volume
- Becomes maximal at sub-VO2 max workload when VO2 is @ 40-60% of max.
- Cardio Drift
- As HR increases SV will slightly decrease due to not enough time between beats to completely fill the heart at higher HR.
- VO2 Diff = Arterio-Venous Difference
- Training shows increased capillarization over long time (see Paterson)
- Skeletal myoglobin levels increase
- Greater number of mitochondria
- 98% oxygenation at lungs -- 45% at venous return
- Neuromuscular (see critical Paterson discussion on this topic!!!)
- Hyperplasia--Fiber splitting at the muscular level
- Muscle MAY form buds of daughter cells but unproven (USA)
- Muscle Type (1 'slow' or 2 'fast')
- Speed training increases IIB (fast) fiber at expense of IIA (slow)???
- Possible cause--Protein formation altering DNA and RNA processing
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